Pesticide contamination of lactating mothers’ milk in Latin America: a systematic review

Figueiredo, Thalyta Mota; Santana, Jerusa da Mota; Granzotto, Fernando Henrique Basilio; Anjos, Bianca Sampaio dos; Guerra Neto, Danilo; Azevedo, Laylla Mirella Galvão; Pereira, Marcos

doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2024058005446

Thalyta Mota Figueiredo

Data collection, analysis, and interpretation

Manuscript drafting or review

Public responsibility for the content of the article

Approval of the final version

Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4721-1628

Jerusa da Mota Santana

Data collection, analysis, and interpretation

Manuscript drafting or review

Public responsibility for the content of the article

Approval of the final version

Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-0097

Fernando Henrique Basilio Granzotto

Data collection, analysis, and interpretation

Manuscript drafting or review

Approval of the final version

Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia. Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Barreiras, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3585-8782

Bianca Sampaio dos Anjos

Data collection, analysis, and interpretation

Manuscript drafting or review

Approval of the final version

Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia. Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Barreiras, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-9357

Danilo Guerra Neto

Data collection, analysis, and interpretation

Manuscript drafting or review

Approval of the final version

Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia. Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Barreiras, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3988-4339

Laylla Mirella Galvão Azevedo

Data collection, analysis, and interpretation

Manuscript drafting or review

Approval of the final version

Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia. Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde. Barreiras, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1136-0752

Marcos Pereira

Study design and planning

Public responsibility for the content of the article

Approval of the final version

Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-2502

Correspondence: Marcos Pereira Universidade Federal da Bahia Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva Rua Basílio da Gama, s/n 40110-040 Salvador, BA, Brasil E-mail: mps@ufba.br

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Database	Search strategy	Items found
PubMed/Medline	#1 “Milk, Human”[Mesh] OR (Breast Milk) OR (Milk, Breast) OR (Human Milk) #2 “Pesticides”[Mesh] #3 “Pesticide Residues”[Mesh] OR (Pesticide Residue) OR (Residue, Pesticide) #4 “Agrochemicals”[Mesh] OR Agrichemical OR (Agricultural Chemical) OR (Chemical, Agricultural) OR Agrichemical* #5 “Insecticides”[Mesh] #6 #2 OR #3 OR #4 #5 #1 AND 6	829
Embase	#1 ‘breast milk’ OR (breast fed infant) OR (homogenized pasteurized human milk) OR (human milk) OR (maternal milk) OR (milk, human) OR (milk, mother) OR (mother milk) OR (woman milk) #2 ‘pesticide’ OR (agent, pesticide) OR (pesticidal agent) OR (pesticide agent) OR (pesticide synergists) OR pesticides #3 ‘pesticide residue’ OR (residue, pesticide) #4 ‘organophosphate pesticide’ OR (organic phosphate pesticide) OR (organophosphorus pesticide) OR (pesticide, organophosphoric) OR (phosphoroorganic pesticide) #5 ‘insecticide’ OR (insecticidal agent) OR (insecticide agent) OR (insecticides, botanical) #6 #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 #6 #1 AND #6	120
Scopus	#1 ( “breast milk” ) OR ( “breast fed infant” ) OR ( “homogenized pasteurized human milk” ) OR ( “human milk” ) OR ( “maternal milk” ) OR ( “milk, human” ) OR ( “milk, mother” ) OR ( “mother milk” ) OR ( “woman milk” ) #2( “insecticides” ) #3 ( “pesticide residues” OR “pesticide residue” OR “residue*, pesticide” ) #4 ( “pesticides” ) #5 #2 OR #3 OR #4 #6 #1 AND #5	862
Lilacs	#1 MH: “Leite Humano” OR (Milk, Human) OR (Leche Humana) OR (Leite Materno) OR MH:A12.200.467$ OR MH:A12.790.500$ OR MH:G07.203.100.700.500$ OR MH:G07.203.300.350.525.500$ OR MH:J02.200.700.500$ OR MH:J02.500.350.525.500$ OR MH:SP6.021.057.073.159$ #2 MH:”Resíduos de Praguicidas” OR (Pesticide Residues) OR (Residuos de Plaguicidas) OR MH:D27.720.031.700.672$ OR MH:D27.888.723.697$ OR MH:N06.850.460.200.700$ #3 MH:”Agroquímicos” OR Agrochemicals OR Agroquímicos OR Agrotóxico* OR (Defensivo Agrícola) OR (Produto Agroquímico) OR (Produto Químico Agrícola) OR (Substância Agroquímica) OR (Substância Química Agrícola) OR MH: D27.888.723.697$ #4 #2 OR #3 #5 #1 AND #4	24

Variable	n	%
Year of publication
1973–1987	8	16.32
1988–1999	16	32.65
2000–2011	12	24.48
2012–2020	13	26.53
Data collection
1970–1981	5	10.2
1982–1992	11	22.44
1993–2002	12	24.48
2003–2014	6	12.24
2015–2020	1	2.04
Country
Not informed	14	28.57
Mexico	23	46.93
Brazil	10	20.4
Nicaragua	4	8.16
Guatemala	3	6.12
Chile	2	4.08
Colombia	2	4.08
Costa Rica	1	2.04
Spain	1	2.04
French West Indies	1	2.04
Panama	1	2.04
Venezuela	1	2.04
Sample size
< 100	32	65.3
101–191	12	24.48
192–300	5	10.2
Study type
Cross-sectional	39	79.59
Cohort	10	20.40
Rural and urban	15	30.61
Urban only	3	6.12
Rural only	3	6.12
Not informed	28	57.14

Variable	n	%	References
Types of pesticides
DDT (o.p’-DDT, p.p’-DDT)	37	75.51	^{14,15,28–37,20,38–47,21,48,52,63–67,22–27}
DDE (p.p’-DDE, o.p’-DDE)	33	67.34	^{20,21,32–39,41,44,22,45–47,49–55,24,64,65,67,25–29,31}
HCH (alpha HCH, γ-HCH, β-HCH, s-HCH)	23	46.93	^{14,15,42,43,46–48,51,52,54–56, 20,64,65,67,25,28,29,35,38,40,41}
Dieldrin	13	26.53	^{14,24,56,57,66,27,32,36,40,47,48,54,55}
DDD (p.p’-DDD)	12	24.48	^{21,24,52,64,26–29,32,37,44,47}
Benzyl chlorides^a	11	22.44	^{15,20,67,28,29,35,40,47,52,55,65}
Heptachlor	7	14.28	^{14,27,47,48,51,55,64}
Heptachlor epoxide	7	14.28	^{24,32,35,36,40,55,66}
Endrin (aldehyde)	5	10.20	^{24,32,39,47,66}
Aldrin	5	10.20	^{24,39,47,54,66}
Endosulfan (II)	2	4.08	^57,66
Chlordane (β-chlordane, γ-chlordane)	2	4.08	^51,54
Organochlorines^b	5	10.20	^{27,47,55,57,58}
Pyrethroids	2	4.08	^37,59
Not identified	1	2.04	⁶⁰
Chlordecone	1	2.04	⁶¹
PCBs	1	2.04	⁶²
Prevalence of pesticides in breast milk
< 30%	1	2.04	⁶²
30 to 69%	2	4.08	^48,55
70% to 99.9%	10	20.4	^{15,21,29,42,47,49,51,61,64,66}
100%	34	69.38	^{14,20,32–41,22,43–46,50,52–54,57,58,24,59,63,65,67, 25–28,30,31}
Not identified	2	4.08	^23,60

[1] Correspondence: Marcos Pereira Universidade Federal da Bahia Instituto de Saúde Coletiva Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva Rua Basílio da Gama, s/n 40110-040 Salvador, BA, Brasil E-mail: mps@ufba.br

Brasil

Brasil

Pesticide contamination of lactating mothers’ milk in Latin America: a systematic review

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

METHODS

RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS